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Look for biographies of the leaders (in Spanish) at CIDOB website.
Heads of State |
Kings Faysal I ibn Hussein al Hashimi 23 Aug 1921 - 8 Sep 1933 (1933) Ghazi I ibn Faysal al-Hashimi 8 Sep 1933 - 4 Apr 1939 (1939) Faysal II ibn Ghazi al-Hashimi 4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958 (1958) (1) Chairman of the Sovereignty Council Muhammad Najib ar-Rubayi 14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 (1965) Presidents of the Republic and the RCC Abdel Salam Muhammad Aref 8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966 (1966) military/ASU (2) Abdel Rahman al-Bazzaz 13 Apr 1966 - 16 Apr 1966 (1973) ASU (acting) Abdel Rahman Muhammad Aref 16 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968 (2007) military/ASU Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr 17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 (1982) military/Baath Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti 16 Jul 1979 - 9 Apr 2003 (2006) Baath ** vacant ** 9 Apr 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 (3) Presidents of the Republic Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar 28 Jun 2004 - 7 Apr 2005 n/p (interim) Jalal Talabani 7 Apr 2005 - 24 Jul 2014 (2017) PUK (transitional to 22 Apr 2006) Muhammad Fuad Masum 24 Jul 2014 - 2 Oct 2018 PUK Barham Ahmad Salih 2 Oct 2018 - 13 Oct 2022 PUK Abdel Latif Rashid 13 Oct 2022 - PUK |
(1) King Faysal ruled under the regency of Abdel Ilah ibn Ali (1958) to 23 May 1953.
(2) Provisional president to 20 Nov 1963.
(3) The US-British invasion to disarm and topple the regime of Saddam Hussein began on 20 Mar 2003. On 9 Apr, advancing US troops took control of central Baghdad, marking the collapse of the Baath party regime but not yet the end of the war (which was announced by president George Bush on 1 May). A power vacuum existed de facto at least to the installation on 13 Jul 2003 by the occupant powers of a 25-member Iraq Governing Council (see below), which acted as the first post-Saddam national -but not sovereign- ruling institution.
Heads of Government |
Prime Ministers Hamdi al-Bajaji 4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946 (1948) Sulayman Tawfiq Bey as-Suwaydi 23 Feb 1946 - 1 Jun 1946 (1968) Arshad al-Umari 1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 (1978) Nuri Pasha as-Said 21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947 (1958) Salih Jabr 29 Mar 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 (1957) Muhammad as-Sadr 29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948 (1956) Muzahim al-Bajaji 26 Jun 1948 - 6 Jan 1949 (1982) Nuri Pasha as-Said 6 Jan 1949 - 10 Dec 1949 (1958) Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi 10 Dec 1949 - 5 Feb 1950 (1968) Sulayman Tawfiq Bey as-Suwaydi 5 Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950 (1968) Nuri Pasha as-Said 15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952 (1958) Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari 12 Jul 1952 - 23 Nov 1952 (1962) Nureddin Mahmud 23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953 military Jamil Bey al-Midfai 29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953 (1959) Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali 17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954 (1997) Arshad al-Umari 29 Apr 1954 - 4 Aug 1954 (1978) Nuri Pasha as-Said 4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957 (1958) Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi 20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957 (1969) Abdel Wahhab Marjan 15 Dec 1957 - 3 Mar 1958 (1964) Nuri Pasha as-Said 3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958 (1958) Ahmad Mukhtar Baban 18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 (1958) Abdel Karim Kassem 14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 (1963) military Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr 8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963 (1982) military/Baath Tahir Yahya 20 Nov 1963 - 6 Sep 1965 (1986) military/ASU Aref Abdel Razzaq 6 Sep 1965 - 21 Nov 1965 (2007) military/ASU Abdel Rahman al-Bazzaz 21 Nov 1965 - 9 Aug 1966 (1973) Naji Talib 9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967 (2012) Abdel Rahman Muhammad Aref 10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967 (2007) military/ASU Tahir Yahya 10 Jul 1967 - 17 Jul 1968 (1986) military/ASU Abdel Razzaq Said an-Najif 17 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968 (1978) military Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr 31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 (1982) military/Baath Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti 16 Jul 1979 - 23 Mar 1991 (2006) Baath Saadun Hammadi 23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991 (2007) Baath Muhammad Hamzah az-Zubaydi 16 Sep 1991 - 5 Sep 1993 (2005) Baath Ahmad Hussein as-Samarraj 5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994 Baath Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti 29 May 1994 - 9 Apr 2003 (2006) Baath ** power vacuum ** 9 Apr 2003 - 13 Jul 2003 Chairmen of the Iraq Governing Council (IGC) Muhammad Bahr al-Ulum 13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003 (2015) n/p, Shiite (acting) Ibrahim ash-Shaiqr al-Jaafari 1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003 DIP, Shiite Ahmad Abdel Hadi al-Chalabi 1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003 (2015) INC, Shiite Iyad Hashim al-Allawi 1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003 INA, Shiite Jalal Talabani 1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003 (2017) PUK, Kurdish Abdel Aziz Muhsin al-Hakim 1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003 (2009) SCIRI, Shiite Adnan Muzahim al-Pachachi 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004 (2019) n/p, Sunni Muhsin Abdel Hamid 1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004 IIP, Sunni Muhammad Bahr al-Ulum 1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004 (2015) n/p, Shiite Massud Mustafa al-Barzani 1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004 KDP, Kurdish Ezzedine Salim 1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004 (2004) DIP, Shiite Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar 17 May 2004 - 1 Jun 2004 n/p, Sunni President of the (interim) Council of Ministers Iyad Hashim al-Allawi 1 Jun 2004 - 28 Jun 2004 INA (interim) President of the Iraq Interim Government (IIG) Iyad Hashim al-Allawi 28 Jun 2004 - 3 May 2005 INA President of the Iraq Transitional Government (ITG) Ibrahim ash-Shaiqr al-Jaafari 3 May 2005 - 20 May 2006 DIP Prime Ministers Nuri Kamil al-Maliki 20 May 2006 - 8 Sep 2014 DIP Haider al-Abadi 8 Sep 2014 - 25 Oct 2018 DIP Adel Abdel Mahdi 25 Oct 2018 - 7 May 2020 n/p Mustafa al-Kadhimi 7 May 2020 - 27 Oct 2022 n/p Muhammad Shia al-Sudani 27 Oct 2022 - DIP |
(4) The 25-member IGC (in arab, Majlis al-Hukm) was established by the CPA and held its first meeting in Baghdad on 13 Jul 2003. It acted as the first national ruling institution in post-Saddam Iraq, but was not a sovereign body as it was subordinated to the CPA and the USCENTCOM. A collective and monthly rotating Presidency of the Council was established on 28 Jul 2003. A Cabinet of ministers was appointed on 1 Sep 2003 (sworn in on 3 Sep). IGC members that didn't fill the post of rotating president were: Nasir Kamel al-Chadirji (NDP, Sunni); Ahmad Shiyya al-Barak Al Bu Sultan (n/p, Shiite); Aqila al-Hashimi (n/p, Shiite + 25 Sep 2003); Salama al-Khufaji (n/p, Shiite, from 8 Dec 2003); Raja Habib al-Khuzai (n/p, Shiite); Hamid Majid Mussa al-Bayati(ICP, Shiite); Samir Shakir Mahmud as-Sumaydi (n/p, Sunni); Mahmud Ali Othman (n/p, Sunni Kurd); Salah ad-Din Muhammad Baha' ad-Din (KIU, Sunni Kurd); Yunadim Yusuf Kana (n/p, Assyrian Christian); Muwaffaq ar-Rubayi (n/p, Shiite); Dara Nur ad-Din (n/p, Sunni Kurd); Songul Chapuk (n/p, Turkoman); Wail Abdel Latif (n/p, Shiite); Abdel Karim Mahud al-Muhammadawi (Hezbollah, Shiite); Muwafaq ar-Ruba (DP, Shiite). On 1 Jun 2004 the IGC was disbanded and replaced by a new Cabinet of Ministers, led by a Prime Minister. On 28 Jun 2004 the CPA (see below) transferred sovereignty to the new Iraq Interim Government (IIG) and was dissolved.
US civilian administrators Jay M. Garner (Head of ORHA) 21 Apr 2003 - 1 Jun 2003 (5) L. Paul Bremer (Head of CPA) 16 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 (6) Commanders of the military occupation Commanders-in-chief/USCENTCOM Gen. Tommy R. Franks 9 Apr 2003 - 7 Jul 2003 United States Gen. John P. Abizaid 7 Jul 2003 - 16 Mar 2007 United States Adm. William J. Fallon 16 Mar 2007 - 28 Mar 2008 United States Lt. Gen. Martin E. Dempsey 28 Mar 2008 - 31 Oct 2008 United States (acting) Gen. David H. Petraeus 31 Oct 2008 - 30 Jun 2010 United States Lt. Gen. John R. Allen 30 Jun 2010 - 11 Aug 2010 United States Gen. James N. Mattis 11 Aug 2010 - 15 Dec 2011 United States Coalition Forces Land Component Command (CFLCC) Lt. Gen. David D. McKiernan 9 Apr 2003 - 14 Jun 2003 United States (7) Coalition Joint Task Force 7 (CJTF 7) Lt. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez 14 Jun 2003 - 15 May 2004 United States (7) 1st Armored Division United States (as of 1 Jan 2004, see 8) 82nd Airborne Division United States (as of 1 Jan 2004, see 9) 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) United States (as of 1 Jan 2004, see 10) 101st Airborne Division United States (as of 1 Jan 2004, see 11) Multi-National Division South-East (MND-SE) United Kingdom (12) Multi-National Division Central-South (MND-CS) Poland (13) Multi-National Force-Iraq (MNF-I) Lt. Gen. Ricardo S. Sanchez 15 May 2004 - 4 Jun 2004 United States Gen. George W. Casey 4 Jun 2004 - 10 Feb 2007 United States Gen. David H. Petraeus 10 Feb 2007 - 16 Sep 2008 United States Gen. Raymond T. Odierno 16 Sep 2008 - 1 Jan 2010 United States United States ForcesIraq (USF-I) Gen. Raymond T. Odierno 1 Jan 2010 - 1 Sep 2010 United States Gen. Lloyd J. Austin 1 Sep 2010 - 15 Dec 2011 United States
(5) The ORHA was a US agency created on 20 Jan 2003 by presidential directive, organized within the US Defence Department and put under military command of the USCENTCOM. The first head of the ORHA, retired US Lt. Gen. Jay Garner, acted as top administrator of the occupied Iraq from his arrival to Baghdad, on 21 Apr, to the arrival of special ambassador Paul Bremer, on 12 May. On 1 Jun, the ORHA was superseded by the CPA.
(6) On 6 May 2003 president George Bush appointed retired diplomat Paul Bremer as his special envoy to Iraq, making him the senior civilian in charge of rebuilding the country's Government and infrastructure. Bremer arrived Baghdad on 12 May and in the next days was taking over his functions as head of the CPA, which was formally constitued on 16 May. The CPA, filled mainly with US officials, took over from the ORHA, superseding it, on 1 Jun 2003. Bremer did not report to the USCENTCOM but to the White House through the Defence Secretary. On 28 Jun 2004 the CPA (see below) transferred sovereignty to the new Iraq Interim Government (IIG) and was dissolved.
(7) The CFLCC and then its successor, the CJTF 7, were the commands controlling all military ground forces, US and non-US, deployed in occupied Iraq. The CFLCC reported to the Third Army/Army Central Command (ARCENT), while the CJTF 7 reported directly to the USCENTCOM. HQs at Baghdad.
(8) The 1st AD took control over the Baghdad area.
(9) The 82nd ABD took control over the West zone (Anbar province). HQs at Ramadi.
(10) The 4th ID took control over the North Central zone. HQs at Tikrit.
(11) The 101st ABD took control over the North zone. HQs at Mosul.
(12) The MND-SE, commanded by United Kingdom, was established on 12 Jul 2003. HQs at Basrah
(13) The MND-CS, commanded by Poland, was established on 3 Sep 2003. HQs at Hillah.
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